Evidence from Romania. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. States of democracy: A gender perspective. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Get Access. (1998). While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. 2. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto It is an Efficient Form of Government. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. $\endgroup . Towards a European union gender equality index. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Gender and discourse. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. Cornell, D. (1998). For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. October 2004. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Lee, and Eric Schickler (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.003.0011. Voet, R. (1992). Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Affordable. Tables can be useful if trying to. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. Justice and the politics of difference. Get full access to this article. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. 1. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Between facts and norms. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Sociologist. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Quantitativist. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. both quantitative and qualitative research. State feminism and political representation. Caption. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. 8. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). The closer assessment of pros and cons will. 518). Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. London: Routledge. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. 2. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. - Volume 55 Issue 2. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. therefore, it is used by various industries The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Grofman, B. Quantitative Methodology. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Sex and social justice. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. New York: Free Press. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Or at least, that's one theory. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp. (1999). As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. ), Redistribution or recognition? Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. 1. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. You might also like. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. Multicultural citizenship. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Aldershot: Ashgate. Cambridge: Polity Press. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. (1982). The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently.
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