how does flak ammunition work

It is estimated that it increases the lethality by 5 to 10 times, compared to these other fuzes.[4][5]. A time- or height-triggered fuze requires good prediction by the gunner and accurate timing by the fuze. This doesnt take into account the number of aircraft that were severely damaged by flak.. Front shows a flak 88 artillery gun in the center with a German eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. Firing pin: Strikes the back of the flare and causes it to explode and shoot off down the barrel. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. One hopes that they were prepared for a . <br /> US $63.98. The weapon was deployed on German tanks, as an antitank gun, an assault gun, and for antiaircraft purposes.Mar 8, 2016. In December 1940, Tuve invited Harry Diamond and Wilbur S. Hinman, Jr, of the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to investigate Berkner's improved fuze and develop a proximity fuze for rockets and bombs to use against the German Luftwaffe. The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. Whats the difference back then to your description? Bonus Pack. This problem was resolved by taking advantage of the change in frequency of the reflected signal. Early field testing connected the circuit to a thyratron trigger operating a tower-mounted camera which photographed passing aircraft to determine distance of fuze function. The same is true of bombers. 60.0. Flak Ammo is a type of bullet that spreads in flight, making it good for medium-ranged combat. What are Lock Patterns for Android phones? The Columbia survived, but 13 crew members were killed. How effective was it in WW2? [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. Nevertheless, it did a good job of stopping shell blasts, rocket fragments, and slow speed bullets fired at a moderate range. How do you write a good story in Smash Bros screening? Due to the increase of people asking what kind of shell they should use with their gun that has X and Y stats, here is a guide to help you pick. All of this in one go, it would not be possible to do it like it is shown ingame. [47] Similarly for example the word tank for an armored fighting vehicle was used to pretend plausibly that a carrier of water for troops on the battlefield was being developed. US $63.98 Scale 1/35 Resin parts - 130 pcs WWII Item 3518 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo & ammo box Resin Kit. Its interesting that we continue to use the term todaycatching flak at the office as one example., Flak in the Second World War was very effective. The guns have a fire rate of 250 shots per minute each, which gives a shot per second value of about 4 per gun. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. US Navy development and early production was outsourced to the Wurlitzer company, at their barrel organ factory in North Tonawanda, New York.[49]. [64] [66], During WW2, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) investigated the use of acoustic proximity fuzes for anti-aircraft weapons but concluded that there were more promising technological approaches. "[32], A key improvement was introduced by Lloyd Berkner, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. The .308 is the most preferred caliber for snipers all over the world. The NDRC research highlighted the speed of sound as a major limitation in the design and use of acoustic fuzes, particularly in relation to missiles and high-speed aircraft. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Also, where the crewmen of these planes were most likely to be hit. Image courtesy the German Federal Archive. For production times check Crafting. In order to be used with gun projectiles, which experience extremely high acceleration and centrifugal forces, the fuze design also needed to utilize many shock hardening techniques. It had a low muzzle velocity and was only accurate to about 200 yards, assuming ammunition was available to fire - which was rarely. Casing type: 88x571R. A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. It would have never been used in action. When the flak batteries pinpointed an aircraft the guns were fired in salvos designed to burst in a sphere of 60 yards in diameter in which it was hoped to entrap the target. The Army was suddenly extremely interested in the topic of radar, and sent Butement and Pollard to Bawdsey to form what became known as the "Army Cell". The front shows an 88 flak artillery gun in the center. Luckily the much higher altitude B-17s ( which were designed to fly around 30,000 ft and above and a bomb sight that was supposed to work at that level) were friendlys to land at the airbase. [34][37][38] The use of the Doppler effect developed by this group was later incorporated in all radio proximity fuzes for bomb, rocket, and mortar applications. [citation needed] To prevent premature detonation, the inbuilt battery that armed the shell had a several millisecond delay before its electrolytes were activated, giving the projectile time to clear the area of the gun.[45]. Combat Extended adds a plethora of new features to the game, many of which are not immediately apparent. And when I started digging deeper, the number of aircraft shot down by flak was astonishing. Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such as planes, missiles, ships at sea, and ground forces. The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. How much is it worth today? Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . This meant a total of 80 rounds for M1 Garand riflemen. The device described in World War II patent[63] works as follows: The shell contains a micro-transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180220MHz. https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-A-A-missiles-be-used-against-ground-targets-and-A-G-missiles-against-air-targets. Life on Royal Navy aircraft carrier(1960), Hush-Kit Joe talking 10 favouriteaircraft, The case for the P-47 Thunderbolt being the greatest fighter of the Second WorldWar, The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt MafiaFamily, 10 things you need to know about the P-47Thunderbolt. All of the units in Warpath are the real units from World War II, from infantry units to rocket artillery. Gun batteries aboard cruiser USSCleveland(CL-55) tested proximity-fuzed ammunition against radio-controlled drone aircraft targets over Chesapeake Bay. Facing flak over 'RSS illiterate' remark, Kumar Vishwas issues clarification,In a video, Kumar Vishwas said that he was talking about a boy who works in his office and, coincidentally, is also an RSS worker. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. against light targets such as infantry and non-armored vehicles. Another, is a barometric fuse, a fuse that's triggered when a certian altitude is reach by measuring air pressure. There is a Luftwaffe flying eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. Once again enduring the strange looks at the range - "Why on earth do those idiots keep shooting cowboy boots at . The fabricated sniper rifle also doesn't need a scope attachment since it comes as part of the gun . A proximity fuze (or fuse[1][2][3]) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. I would say the Germans and the Allies had guns and systems that were equal in effectiveness. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. Anointed item effects are usually activated for a short time at the end of the action skill duration. The one on your picture is either 2 or 3. They never pooled their resources, instead each would go their own way, often siting individual radars in the same place., Two myths about flak: one it was not very effective, from an Allied point of view, and second the Allied bombing campaign against Germany created a second front siphoning off thousands of men to man the guns and robbing the German army of valuable men. [50] Once inspections of the finished product were complete, a sample of the fuzes produced from each lot was shipped to the National Bureau of Standards, where they were subjected to a series of rigorous tests at the specially built Control Testing Laboratory. Flak guns were actually used against the Soviets in the defense of Berlin. Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. Measures 1 5/8 inches wide by 2 1/8 inches tall. They suggested the system would be useful for the coast artillery units, who could accurately measure the range to shipping even at night. Also the ammo of choice when Dick Cheney decides to shoot someone in the face. Across the U.S. Army and Marine Corps, the initial combat load was intended to be carried in the M1923 Cartridge Belt. [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m. The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. Check out the main categories below. However, the phase relationship between the oscillator's transmitted signal and the signal reflected from the target varied depended on the round trip distance between the fuze and the target. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Russian Air Power* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) with Guy Plopsky: Part 1- How good is Russian air forcetraining? But this was a false metric. Additionally, this Quora page has a lot of good info and graphics explaining the use and necessity of this same fragmentation principle in air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. Change). A fireball from a kamikaze attack engulfs the USS Columbia during a battle near the Philippines in 1945. Many postwar histories accepted the testimony of leading figures within the Luftwaffe that ground based AA defences achieved limited success in destroying Allied bombers.Mar 25, 2021. It was first tested as a part of a detonation device for bombs that were to be dropped over bomber aircraft, part of the UK's Air Ministry's "bombs on bombers" concept. [citation needed] The British then adopted the simplified design as the Mk VII bullet. The Allied fuze used constructive and destructive interference to detect its target. http://bit.ly/subAIRBOYD Timeless classic about anti-aircraft flak. A timer fuze can be set to explode a few meters above the ground but the timing is vital and usually requires observers to provide information for adjusting the timing. ). e Weapons. It has a speed of between 2,600 to 2,700 ft/s; an energy of between 3,300 and 3, 500 Joules. They were widely used by Germany throughout the war. Although flak jackets offered some basic protection against small caliber bullets and shell fragments (which was valued by their users), ultimately they proved to be less effective than hoped. Upon being triggered, the thyratron conducted a large current that set off the electrical detonator. Press J to jump to the feed. Fuzes of this type can be defeated by degaussing, using non-metal hulls for ships (especially minesweepers) or by magnetic induction loops fitted to aircraft or towed buoys. Pre-order The Hush-Kit Book of Warplaneshere. The 3D kit is a Sondernhnger Sd. Consequently, a low frequency signal, corresponding to the frequency difference between the oscillator and the received signal, developed at the oscillator's plate terminal. As opposed to earlier designs, the B Mark VI was a true incendiary rather than tracer ammunition. World War I. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. [9] Their system involved a small, short range, Doppler radar. Well, it's been 5 years and the devs STILL haven't been able to match/list what ammunition fits which weapons in the constructor or on the description, so once again we need to rely on each other to do what they can . When the target was far away, little of the oscillator's transmitted energy would be reflected to the fuze. Vote! Others mentioned how flak guns were used in Vietnam, I went on an immersion trip with my college down to one of the poorest counties in the U.S. met a pastor there and helped him fix up his church, and some of the nearby buildings. If my health was such that I was still in to historical board and miniatures games I betcha this would, umm, lets say, engender energetic conversation, in that realm. Impact and timed rounds. It was understood that the limited application was not ideal; a proximity fuze would be useful on all types of artillery and especially anti-aircraft artillery, but those had very high accelerations. university of phoenix alumni license plate frame. [25] Pye's research was transferred to the United States as part of the technology package delivered by the Tizard Mission when the United States entered the war. Please see ooredoo . The 88 earned its reputation as the best overall gun of the war. The British shared a wide range of possible ideas for designing a fuze, including a photoelectric fuze and a radio fuze, with United States during the Tizard Mission in late 1940. Little priority was given to the project . With the invention of Jet fighters, he explained to me that the flak guns had become obsolete so they had to be repurposed. Discussion in 'Weapons & Technology in WWII' started by 9th Waffen SS, Aug 12, 2002. What does cholera look like under a microscope? Measures 1 13/16 X 2 9/16 inches. But that number is misleading. Welcome to WWII Forums! (LogOut/ Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The huge flak towers Hitler had built got to actual military use finally. Its price point is 75 cents per round and its bullet weight is between 147 and 175 grains. Eine andere -Site. There were also over two thousand suppliers and subsuppliers, ranging from powder manufacturers to machine shops. You are at a gateway to WWII discussion, research, exploration, & analysis. Heaven High, Hell Deep 1917-1918, Normal Archibald, "The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incendiary_ammunition&oldid=1134758731, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 13:29. [31] Tuve claimed that despite being pleased by the outcome of the Butement et al. [9], Given their previous work on radio and radiosondes at NBS, Diamond and Hinman developed the first all solid-state[when? Design of the type began as early as 1936 under the charge of the Rheinmetall-Borsig concern and then known as the "Gerat 40", intended as an in-the-field gun system for the German Army. More American 8th Air Force aces were shot down by flak than enemy fighters.. "Eco-Friendly Biodegradable & Compostable Packaging Solution" current temperature near mysuru, karnataka; is mondo guerra still designing clothes [52][53] It was among the first mass-production applications of printed circuits. Flak, or Fliegerabwehrkanone, works by arming artillery class cannons for the use of Anti-Air duties. Same principle is used for special types of shrapnel ammo in the Carl Gustav recoilless rifle. This led me to thinking of how AA guns and defences played a role in the air war over Europe and the Pacific. [21][22], In 1936, the Air Ministry took over Bawdsey Manor in Suffolk to further develop their prototype radar systems that would emerge the next year as Chain Home. The Marine heavy AA guns on Guadalcanal, for example, in 1942 forced Japanese to bombers to fly higher reducing their accuracy to a great extent, but you never hear or read about it. When an 88 shell hit directly, it often completely destroyed a bomber. Step 1: Loading. The same is true of bombers. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. ARTICLES. Finally the shot would be grabbed by the "grabbing things" (the heck are they called) you see on the moving barrel. The result was a heterodyne beat frequency which corresponded to the velocity difference. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The shell detonates and sends a flurry of ball bearings and shrapnel in all directions. SKU:CO5613468. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The flak also blew up the trees, which created additional deadly shrapnel. Physicorium: good all-rounder against unarmored targets, has almost twice the standard damage. Feb 19, 2014 Jack Beckett, Guest Author. All aircraft were susceptible to flak. Thomas Kirkman May 27, 2020 @ 1:20pm. Sure, in UT99 there is some sort of piston that pushes ammo into the firing chamber, but it's . I once interviewed a WWII flak veteran, who talked about how they used their cannons against enemy infantry and soon, that became a more common use of their cannons than actually firing at airplanes. Flak-damaged bombers were forced out of formation, making them easy prey (for both Allied and Axis fighter forces) for marauding fighters. The Browning M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun, Heavy barrel is an automatic, recoil operated, air-cooled machine gun with adjustable headspace and is crew transportable with limited amounts of . After the war, the British Bombing Survey Unit (BBSU) continued this line of thinking describing German AA defences as plentiful but not very lethal. At the same time the official RAF history of the air war estimated that German flak accounted for 37 percent of Bomber Commands losses between July 1942 and April 1945. Similarly, incendiary ammunition was used against non-rigid observation balloons. 50 Rounds of 115gr FMJ 9mm Ammo by Winchester. This is the standard high-explosive type ordnance initially designed for the German 88mm FlaK cannons in the early period of WW2, and then successfully used by the later tank KwK.36 cannons too, in the period 1933-45. For sale: 88mm - $100,000 - $150,000. . [54], Vannevar Bush, head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during the war, credited the proximity fuze with three significant effects. Images of CAD renderings can be found below. In Germany, more than 30 (perhaps as many as 50)[19] different proximity fuze designs were developed, or researched, for anti-aircraft use, but none saw service. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell. Acting like a normal bullet in flight, then after a short delay, it will explode into 5 more bullets. When I say sheer firepower, in January 1944 20,625 flak guns were protecting the Reich, and even a German Flak officer estimated 4,000 x 88mm shells were needed to down one bomber. One may use a timed fuse in the shell. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the Doppler frequency. It would have defended an airbase about 5 miles away and could have protected the city proper about the same distance away but over water. By 1942 the standard loading for fixed .303s was half loaded with AP and half with incendiary bullets. If the amplified beat frequency signal's amplitude was large enough, indicating a nearby object, then it triggered the fourth tube a gas-filled thyratron. There are two basic ways to do that, make the shell explode at the time when it is near the target, or make it explode when the shell is simply near the target. Ignition is often delayed by varying means until after impact. When the reflected signal was in phase, the oscillator amplitude would increase and the oscillator's plate current would also increase. His in-depth and comprehensive study of German flak defences clearly showed how effective they really were. what happened to the owners of warwick castle? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The different roles that artillery ammunition has had to fill on the battlefield has led to many different designs and types of ammunition, some of which are discussed here And while artillery has been used by armies for hundreds of years, this article focuses on "modern" ammunition (post-1870). Protective vests called flak jackets were first used in World War II; the word flak comes from the abbreviated form of the German word Flugabwehrkanone, a type of antiaircraft gun. Spreader: Used against swarms in order to spread out the shots and damage as many as possible. It is possible that this is a mistake by the author of the report, and that his is intended to refer to limbered guns . 3. It's called a hammer because that's how it works: like a conventional hammer driving a nail into wood, it uses a relatively large mass pushing forward onto a relatively small mass (the firing pin), so it magnifies force. In this video, you'll find out the percentages of where Allied bombers got hit the most. All of these suffered from the large size of pre-WWII electronics and their fragility, as well as the complexity of the required circuitry. Flak detonation clouds Early on during the war, two kinds of flak rounds were used. L/4.5 (Kz.) An example of flak is the exploding ammunition that can damage a military plane when flying over enemy territory. Copyrights 2023 All Rights Reserved by Scientific Know-How Inc. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. It uses Advanced Sniper Bullet for ammo. Alternate Ammunition is the generic name for special munitions launched from LRM, SRM, and MMLs. Finally the shot would be grabbed by the "grabbing things" (the heck are they called) you see on the moving barrel. Low and medium level flak was even more effective. Weapons and Ammunition. No wonder they abbreviated it.). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It does not store any personal data. Work was split in 1942, with Tuve's group working on proximity fuzes for shells, while the National Bureau of Standards researchers focused on the technically easier task of bombs and rockets. The first bomb in the stick was fitted with an impact fuze while the other bombs were fitted with pressure sensitive diaphragm actuated detonators. Who does the voice of Vanessa on Phineas and Ferb? [14][15][16] Adm. Lewis L. Strauss wrote that, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. Because that flak did not actually "miss." By means of its fuzing, it exploded close enough to the aircraft to send an unseen shower of a thousand metal fragments flying out of it and into the aircraft. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground. This gun served as the main armament of the Tiger I heavy tank. As the war progress and the manpower shortage increased thousands of able-bodied flak men were transferred to the army. Additionally, targets with onboard electronics or computers can be damaged by metal fragments when they explode on the surface. As a result, Ukrainian forces have . [64] [65], 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze, 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze, 60mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War.

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